Fig. 2: Species diffusion behavior tunes electrode FE.

a LSV curves (without iR correction, R = 14.6 ± 0.4 Ω) and b Nyquist plots for different GDEs. Inset: equivalent circuit for EIS fitting. c Water adhesive force measurements in air for different GDEs. The inset shows the water contact angles of different GDEs. d O2 transport behavior and reaction process in the CL of hydrophilic CB/Nafon-thin (left) and hydrophobic CB/PTFE-thin (right). e Schematic of the experimental setup of the in-situ reflection-absorption imaging (RAI) system. f Mapping of H2O2 concentration on the surface of hydrophilic CB/Nafion-thin and hydrophobic CB/Nafion-thin at different current densities measured by in-situ RAI system. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.