Fig. 8: Schematic diagram of tracheal dsDNA activating cGAS-STING pathway of macrophages to promote fibrosis in BAS.
From: Macrophage STING signaling promotes fibrosis in benign airway stenosis via an IL6-STAT3 pathway

Upon injury, dsDNA released from the tracheal epithelium activates the STING pathway in macrophages, leading to the release of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6. IL-6 then activates STAT3 signaling in fibroblasts, contributing to the fibrosis of granulation tissue. Treatment with the cGAS inhibitor RU.521, the STING inhibitor C176, or IL-6 neutralizing antibody alleviates granulation tissue fibrosis. Additionally, depletion of macrophages using bisphosphonate liposomes reduces the extent of fibrosis in the granulation tissue.