Fig. 4: Device Performance.

a J-V curves of the best-performance control (TiO2 ETL), control (TiO2/SnO2 QDs ETL), and DVS-gly-based devices. b EQE spectrum of the DVS-gly-based PSCs. c VOC distribution of the control (TiO2 ETL), the control (TiO2/SnO2 QDs ETL), 7% DVS and DVS-gly based devices. d Comparison of the VOC with different bandgaps of PSCs from the literature to our work (e) EQEEL as a function of the injection current density to calculate the nonradiative recombination loss. f Energetic distribution of trap density for the control and DVS-gly based PSCs measured by admittance spectroscopy.