Fig. 3: Optimizing the efficiency of light reaction in converting light energy into metabolic energy in E. coli.

a, b The relative change of intracellular ATP (a) and NADH (b) contents for strains F0701, TL-NPM*, TL-NPM*-UN, and TL-NPMS#-UN under blue light illumination. c The mean cell surface area (S) of strains TL-NPM* and TL-NPMS* were calculated in three different fields (30 cell samples) in microscope images, respectively. d The photocurrent generated by strains F0701, TL-NPM*, and TL-NPMS# under xenon lamp illumination (λ > 400 nm, turn on 20 s and turn off 20 s for four cycles). Values were shown as mean ± s.d. (n = 30 biologically independent replicates (c) or three biologically independent replicates (a, b)). All experiments were repeated independently three times with similar results (d). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n.s., no significance, as determined by two-sided t test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.