Fig. 6: RNAPs stalling aggravated the occurrence of TRCs.

a The effect of deletion of gene GreA, DksA and Mfd in strains WT and FMX783 on doubling times. b The DNA-RNA hybrid of evolved strains FMX783 and FMX892. c The effect of knockout of DNA: RNA hybrid regulatory genes on the doubling time of strain FMX783. Significance (P-value) was evaluated by two-sided t-test. Significant differences were marked as *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001. d, RNAPs stalling aggravated TRCs and R-loops accumulation. The model showed how RNAPs stalling and R-loops accumulation were caused during the normal growth phase as well as when TRCs occurred. All b, c, Data are presented as mean values ± SD, n = 3 independent biological experiments. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.