Fig. 3: Nociceptor simulation of SMCD.

a Schematic diagram of human pain perception: orange circle, multi-modal pain sensor, which contains thermal and mechanical dual-mode perception channels. b Synaptic weight contour maps at different spikes frequencies and numbers, used to evaluate pain thresholds. c EPSC and its relaxation process under 100 consecutive voltage spikes with amplitudes of − 0.25 − 0.5, − 1, or − 2 V. d Neuronal threshold triggering effect based on SMCD. e Results of bimodal nociceptive stimulus sensitisation. Some elements in Fig. 3a were created in BioRender. Liu, J. (2025) https://BioRender.com/m63a509.