Fig. 5: The substance transport mechanism and the influence of components in SMCD.

a Schematic enlargement of the chemical structure of the nanochannel. b Simulation results of electric potential distribution after applying voltages to different functional electrodes. c Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of PVA-PFSA and pure PFSA (inset: enlarged view of the high-frequency region). d–f Grazing Incidence Wide Angle X-ray Scattering test results of pure PFSA membrane and PVA-PFSA membrane. g, h TEM image of pure PFSA membrane and PVA-PFSA membrane. i Schematic diagram illustrating the comparison of ion channels and ion migration within the membrane before and after PVA modification.