Fig. 1: Operando SEM of metal | LLZO | Li cells.

a Charge/discharge profiles and corresponding SEM images of (b) Cu, (c) Au, (d) Ag, and (e) Zn interlayer cells with schematics of the cross-sectional morphologies at EoLP. Note that the same scale bars are used in all SEM images of (b–e), whereas different scale bars are employed for the FIB cross-section images.