Fig. 2: Net present value of ammonia technologies.
From: Energy and climate policy implications on the deployment of low-carbon ammonia technologies
a–c depict the NPVs for Scenario A using grid electricity, Scenario B with colocated wind and solar farm, and Scenario C with a power purchase agreement with a wind and solar farm for the year 2026, respectively. (d–f) represent the same scenarios projected for the year 2033. We compare the net present value (NPV) of various low-carbon ammonia production technologies against a control scenario with no policy support and ammonia production through steam-methane reforming (AP SMR). Scenario B involves colocated wind and solar farms directly integrated with the ammonia plant, allowing for direct control and optimization of renewable energy generation, whereas Scenario C involves a power purchase agreement (PPA) with external wind and solar farms. Symbols used: light blue data points represent NPVs with the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), and gray data points represent NPVs without the IRA. AP SMR refers to Ammonia Plant using Steam Methane Reforming, AP CCS to Ammonia Plant with Carbon Capture and Storage, AP BHS to Ammonia Plant using Biomass Gasification coupled with Steam Methane Reforming, and AP AEC to Ammonia Plant using Alkaline Electrolysis. Y-axis ranges vary across scenarios to display the full bar chart for each technology.
