Fig. 3: Net Present Value (NPV) versus Carbon Abatement Cost (CAC) for ammonia technologies.
From: Energy and climate policy implications on the deployment of low-carbon ammonia technologies
a–c depict Scenario A utilizing grid electricity, Scenario B with colocated wind and solar farm, and Scenario C involving a power purchase agreement with a wind and solar farm for the year 2026, respectively. d–f represent the same scenarios projected for the year 2033. We compare the NPV and CAC of various low-carbon ammonia production technologies across three scenarios: Scenario A with grid emissions and lower policy support, Scenario B with an in-situ wind and solar farm resulting in the highest carbon abatement cost, and Scenario C where the ammonia plant enters into a power purchase agreement with a wind and solar farm, receiving only ammonia plant tax credits. Symbols used: blue data points represent the CACs of carbon capture pathways, yellow data points represent biomass gasification pathways, and green data points represent alkaline electrolysis pathways. Additionally, tax quantities from the International Energy Agency (IEA) and California tax prices from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) are included as reference bands.
