Fig. 2: Motility of algae-based biohybrid microrobots after nebulization.

a Aerodynamic size distribution of algae robot aerosol particles at different algae robot loading concentrations of 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, and 10¹⁰mL⁻¹ with a constant nebulizer air flow rate of 4 L min⁻¹. b, c Algae robot speed (b, n = 100, n represent the number of individual algae robots, mean ± s.d.) and motile ratio (c, n = 6, n represent the number of independent experiments, mean ± s.d.) after nebulization in simulated lung fluid (SLF) at room temperature (22 °C). d Aerodynamic size distribution of algae robot aerosol particles with different nebulizer air flow rates of 4, 6, 8, and 10 L min⁻¹ at an algae robot loading concentration of 10⁸mL⁻¹. e, f Comparison of algae robot motion speed (e, n = 100, n represent the number of individual algae robots, mean ± s.d.) and motile ratio (f, n = 6, n represent the number of independent experiments, mean ± s.d.) after nebulization in SLF at 22 °C. g Aerodynamic size distribution of algae robot aerosol particles at different nebulization times from 5 to 60 min with a 10⁸mL⁻¹ algae robot concentration and 4 L min⁻¹ nebulizer air flow rate. h, i Comparison of algae robot motion speed (h, n = 100, n represent the number of individual algae robots, mean ± s.d.) and motile ratio (i, n = 6, n represent the number of independent experiments, mean ± s.d.) after nebulization in SLF at 22 °C. j Representative trajectories of algae robots (Supplementary Movies 3) corresponding to 1 s of motion before (top) and after (bottom) nebulization (n = 5). k, l Comparison of algae robot motion speed (k, n = 100, n represents the number of individual algae robots, mean ± s.d.) and motile ratio (l, n = 6, n represent the number of independent experiments, mean ± s.d.) after 60 min of nebulization in SLF at 22 °C and body temperature (37 °C). Statistical analysis for the motile algae ratio was performed using repeated-measure one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). NS: P > 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ****P ≤ 0.0001.