Fig. 5: MIPM system for a biohybrid perception-actuation circuit.

a, b Schematic diagram of the biohybrid perception-actuation circuit. In this circuit, the MIPM acts as the interconnection system between tactility and biological neural interface. The neuromorphic signals with temporal plasticity are transmitted to neural interface, driving downstream tissue responses based on input tactile stimulations, thus facilitating various levels of limb movements. c Photos showing the various amplitudes of limb movement in response to different tactile neuromorphic signals. The synchronized recorded muscle contraction reflects the relationship between the different neuromorphic signals and various levels of limb movement. d Amplitude statistics of limb movement in response to temporal tactile neuromorphic signals correlated with different pressure inputs. Data points represent average values from five rats. Owing to the temporal plasticity, rats show limb movements dependent on historical activity (ΔA, corresponding to the change in limb intrinsic twitching angle), achieving the adaptively tactile perception of dynamic pressure.