Fig. 3: Correlation between ASD and shallow slip deficit (SSD).

a The ASD ratio (ASDr = ASD/total deformation) with respect to the total deformation and ASD extent on each side of the two faults. Two zoom-in areas (black circles) indicate the ASD width, corresponding to the damage width depicted in Fig. 2d, which includes both sides of the fault. The inset shows the classification of the ASDr based on ASDr histogram peaks (Supplementary Fig. 10). Black lines mark surface ruptures⁷⁸. The classes of ASDr values along the ruptures are plotted as thick lines to better visualize segmentations. b The fault-slip model with colored circles on the top showing the SSD ratio, which was calculated as “1 − (topmost slip)/(maximum slip at depth)”. Magenta circles mark locations with |SSD ratio–ASD ratio| > 40%. c, d ASD and SSD ratios along the main ruptures of the Mw 7.6 and Mw 7.8 events, respectively. The shaded relief background map in (a) was derived from the shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) 3-arc seconds data⁷⁶.