Fig. 3: Gene flow related to the ShanDong populations.
From: East Asian Gene flow bridged by northern coastal populations over past 6000 years
A qpAdm analysis showing the proportions of each ancestral source component calculated for ancient ShanDong populations from the DaWenKou (DWK, BQ=BQGroup, GS=GSGroup, FJ=FJGroup), LongShan (LS, CZY=CZYGroup, YJC=YJCGroup), and Chinese dynastic (CD, HL=HLGroup, LJZ=LJZGroup, XC=XCGroup, TL=TLGroup, XZ=XZGroup, YX=YXGroup) cultural periods. The measure of centers (junction of two rectangles) are the average values, and the error bars represent 1x standard error. When calculating ancestry components, we used a rotational strategy informed by chronological data from the ancient East Asian populations, where younger groups could not be used as potential sources for modeling older groups. Colors represent different ancestral sources (ShanDong_EN (SD9K/Xiaojingshan), BQGroup, GSGroup, CZYGroup, and YR (YR_MN/YR_LN)). Numbers indicate the larger ancestry proportion in a two-source qpAdm analysis. Exact values of the qpAdm analysis are shown in Supplementary Table S5a. B Figure depiction summarizing major findings of gene flow associated with the ShanDong region from this study. Blue and red arrows indicate gene flow into ShanDong populations as early as 7700 BP from northern East Asia (NEA) and southern East Asia (SEA). Orange and yellow arrows indicate gene flow from the Yellow River region into ShanDong populations, which occurred at least twice – during the DaWenKou (6000–4600 BP) and early Chinese dynastic (younger than 3500 BP) cultural periods. No evidence for gene flow back into Yellow River populations was observed. The green arrow (dashed line) indicates gene flow from the ShanDong region into the Nagabaka population in the Ryukyu Islands at least after 2800 years ago.
