Fig. 6: Mitochondrial retention and erythroid maturation suggest ineffective erythropoiesis in HbGS compared to HbAS.

The box plots (panels a, c–e) show median (middle line), 25th percentile (upper line), 75th percentile (lower line), and whiskers to include all observations. a Mitochondrial retention (mean fluorescence intensity, MFI) measured using MitoTracker Deep Red+ flow panel (**p = 0.002). The data was analyzed with the two-sided median test and p-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons. b MitoTracker and TER119+ representative flow histogram. c–e Erythroid cell maturation in the bone marrow was measured as % TER119+ cells in each population (Pro – RBC, I -VI) divided by comparisons of interest (c) HbAA vs HbGG, (d) HbAS vs HbGS (*p = 0.014, **p = 0.004), (e) HbGS vs HbSS. Each maturation stage of the comparison group was compared using the two-sided Mann-Whitney test and p values adjusted for multiple comparisons. For sample size information please see Supplementary Table 5. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.