Fig. 5: Annual mean exposure assessment of ultrafine particles (UFP) in Switzerland.
From: Machine learning-enhanced high-resolution exposure assessment of ultrafine particles
a Distribution of the gridded (1 km by 1 km) UFP exposure for the total population. b Distributions of the gridded UFP exposure across different area types: urban centers, urban clusters, and rural areas. c Population-weighted community-level exposure across 2682 communities in Switzerland. The pie chart illustrates the population fractions across the three annual mean exposure levels, below 104, 104 to 2 × 104, and above 2 × 104 particles‧cm−3, and the height of the bars indicates the community-level exposure of the corresponding communities. d Distributions of the community-level UFP exposure across the three different area types. The shaded regions indicate the probability density of the data. e Comparison of coefficient of variations within communities for particle number concentrations and PM2.5 across the three different area types. The whiskers extend to the smallest and largest values within 1.5 times the interquartile range (IQR = Q3–Q1) from the lower (bottom edge, Q1, 25%) and upper (top edge, Q3, 75%) quartiles, respectively.
