Fig. 6: Hydrophilicity and ionic diffusion analysis of ONC-S and NC-G.

Charge density differences of H2O adsorbed on (a) graphene, (b) NC with N-5 model, and (c) ONC with N-5 model, and corresponding adsorption energies; contact angles of H2O on the surface of (d) AC, (e) NC-G, and (f) ONC-S; simulated diffusion pathways of Na+ on the surface of (g) graphene, (h) the NC with N-5 model, and (i) the ONC with N-5 model; migration energy barriers for ionic diffusion on the surface of (j) graphene, (k) the NC with N-5 model, and (l) the ONC with N-5 model.