Fig. 5: Electrochemical performance of NCM811 electrodes prepared by aqueous processing solutions.

a Cycling retention (expressed as discharge-specific capacities of cathode materials) of the cathodes at a charge/discharge current rate of 0.2 C/0.5 C (1 C = 3.74 mA cm⁻²). The cathode material mass loadings were 18.2 mg cm⁻². b Material cost of aqueous processing solutions compared to NMP (a commercial non-aqueous processing solution). c Cycling retention (expressed as capacities normalized by material costs) of the cathodes. d Galvanostatic initial charge/discharge profiles as a function of mass loading of kosmotropic solution-processed cathodes at a current rate of 0.1 C/0.1 C. These profiles were obtained after one formation cycle (0.1 C/0.1 C). e Cycling retention of kosmotropic solution-processed NCM622, NCM811, and NCM9½½ cathodes. The cathode material mass loadings were 18.2 mg cm⁻². f Comparison of kosmotropic solution-processed cathodes and previously reported aqueous solution-processed cathodes in terms of four parameters: specific capacity of cathode materials (x-axis), areal capacity (y-axis), types of cathode materials (heatmap), and cathode material composition (X_AM) of the electrode (diameter). The gray dashed lines represent the mass loading of cathode materials. The number assigned to each circle corresponds to the serial number in Supplementary Table 7 (refs. ^{5,10,11,39,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61}) The electrochemical tests were conducted within a voltage range of 3.00–4.25 V and at a temperature of 25 °C.