Fig. 3: Spatial robustness and mechanical strength testing of the adaptative heat pipe (AHP).

a Discrete weighted calculation of gravitational pressure drop in AHP. b Theoretical values of gravitational pressure drop in different spatial states. c Heat transfer performance of the straight 2D heat pipe across different spatial states. d Heat transfer performance of the AHP with full 3D segment across different spatial states. e Schematic diagram of the AHP tensile test. f An AHP in the shape of tensile specimens. g A copper heat dissipation sheet in the shape of tensile specimens. h Heat transfer performance of the tensile-shaped AHP and copper sheet under 4 W heating power. i Tensile stress-strain curve of the AHP. j Tensile test of the AHP. k Schematic diagram of the AHP flexural test. l An AHP in the shape of flexural specimens. m A copper heat dissipation sheet in the shape of flexural specimens. n Heat transfer performance of the flexural-shaped AHP and copper sheet under 4 W heating power. o Flexural stress-strain curve of the AHP. n Flexural test of the AHP.