Fig. 6: Scale-up demonstration.

a Photograph of a scale-up electrolyzer with 25 cm2. b Current-dependent potential plots of Vac. c Current-dependent FE of Vac. d Long-term stability test of Vac at total current of 7 A and (e) corresponding time-dependent HCOOH production rate. Error bars represent the standard deviation of three independent measurements. The cell voltages were compensated by iRΩ correction with an RΩ value of ~6.3 ± 0.1 Ω. Source data for Fig. 6b–e are provided as a Source Data file.