Fig. 4: Living interfaces.
From: Bio-inspired electronics: Soft, biohybrid, and “living” neural interfaces
a Schematic of a living electrode, composed of a hydrogel microcolumn seeded with a neuronal aggregate. Long-distance axonal pathways grow along the microcolumn for synaptic integration with the host tissue. b μTENNs as a platform technology for bidirectional all-optical living electrodes to record and modulate neural activity70,188. c Dopaminergic μTENNs for restoration of the nigrostriatal pathway in models of Parkinson’s Disease191. d Host response at 1-month post-implantation of a Michigan microelectrode, an acellular hydrogel micro-column, and a living electrode, immunolabeled for microglia/macrophages (IBA-1; red) and astrocytes (GFAP; purple)188. Panels reproduced with permission from b. ref. 188., Wiley, and ref. 70., Science; c. ref. 191., Wiley; and d. ref. 188., Wiley. Panel a created with BioRender.com and released under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license (creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en).
