Fig. 4: Brian structures affected by interaction effects between IDO2 and childhood maltreatment.

a–b Shown are brain structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) indicators affected by gene-by environment (G-by-E) interaction of IDO2 rs7846217 and cumulative childhood maltreatment (CM) experience in adults using UK Biobank (a, N = 20,901) and in children using ABCD cohort (b, N = 5,335). Each dot represents an individual brain region, and different colors represent cortical area (CA), cortical thickness (CT), cortical volume (CV), sulcal depth (SD), respectively. Linear regression models with adjustments made for age, sex and top ten genomic principal components (PCs) were performed, and the -logP for G-by-E are illustrated here. The red dashed line indicates the Bonferroni-corrected P threshold for morphometric measures with P = 3.38e-04 (calculated by 0.05/148) for (a), and P = 3.31e-04 (calculated by 0.05/151) for (b). The sMRI indicators passed threshold are labeled. GPIS-LCT = mean thickness of G-pariet-inf-Supramar in the left hemisphere, GPIA-RCV = cortical volume of G-pariet-inf-Angular for right hemisphere. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. c Shown is a diagram representing cross-validation. The significant indicator identified in adults was validated in children, but not vice versa. d–f Shown are effects of cumulative CM experience on GPIS-LCT in adults (d, N = 20,901) and children (e, N = 5,335), and on GPIA-RCV in children (f, N = 5,335), stratified by rs7846217 genotypes. Linear regression models with adjustments made for age, sex and top ten PCs were performed. The center of each dot represents the beta coefficient, with error bars indicating the 95% confidence intervals (CIs). P values across subgroups of rs7846217 genotypes are labeled, and two-tailed P < 0.05 was considered significant. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.