Fig. 1: Defense signaling events are attenuated in GSH-deficient pad2-1 mutant plant.
From: Glutathione triggers leaf-to-leaf, calcium-based plant defense signaling
a, b Contents of GSH (a) and Glu (b) in Col-0, pad2-1, PAD2/pad2-1#1 and PAD2/pad2-1#3 plants. Data are mean ± SD (n = 5). Statistical significance was determined by Dunnett’s test. c–e JA (c), JA-Ile (d) contents and defense gene expression levels (e) in target leaf 6 before and 30 min after wounding leaf 1 of Col-0 and pad2-1. Data are mean ± SD (n = 3 for leaf 6 from unwounded plants), n = 8 for leaf 6 from wounded plants in (panel c, d); n = 3 for leaf 6 from unwounded plants, n = 21 for wounded pad2-1 and n = 23 for wounded Col-0 plants in (panel e). Statistical significance was determined by two-sided Welch’s t-test. f [Ca2+]cyt fluorescence signal imaging in target leaf 6 of GCaMP3 and GCaMP3/pad2-1 plants upon cutting leaf 1 (0 s). Scale bars: 1 mm. g, h Quantitative measurement of [Ca2+]cyt levels (h) and maximum [Ca2+]cyt fluorescence changes (i) in target leaf 6 after wounding leaf 1 of GCaMP3 and GCaMP3/pad2-1 plants. Data are mean ± SD (n = 14 for GCaMP3, n = 16 for GCaMP3/pad2-1). Statistical significance was determined by two-sided Welch’s t-test. i Percentage of cases with [Ca2+]cyt transmission for each systemic leaf in GCaMP3 and GCaMP3/pad2-1 plants wounded at leaf 1. 16 GCaMP3 and 17 GCaMP3/pad2-1 plants were subjected to observation of [Ca2+]cyt fluorescence and only systemic leaf showing obvious [Ca2+]cyt fluorescence was calculated as a case with [Ca2+]cyt transmission. Statistical significances compared to GCaMP3 was assessed using Fisher’s exact test, indicated as follows: *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, n.s. denotes not significant. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
