Fig. 1: Distribution of 107 PFAS species in fluorochemical wastewater.

a–c Classification (a), concentrations (b), and chain length (c) distribution of the assessed 107 PFAS. The inset in (c) illustrates the numbers of sulfonic PFAS (R-SO3H), carboxylic PFAS (R-COOH), long-chain PFAS (≥ C7), and short-chain PFAS (<C7). Wastewater samples were collected from the reverse osmosis concentrate of mixed effluents from polymer fluoropolymers production plants of a mega fluorochemical industrial park in China. The 107 PFAS included 9 PFCA, 32 H-PFAA, 52 Ether-PFAA, 9 Cl-PFAA, and 5 I-PFAA. The quantification of PFAS concentration were performed using liquid chromatography Orbitrap mass spectrometry, and the total concentration of 107 PFAS was determined to be 36 mg L−1 or 117.8 µM.