Fig. 6: Full-scale system simulations for fluorochemical wastewater purification.

a, b RSSCT breakthrough curves of PFOA (a) and TOF (b) for the PFA694E adsorption bed fed by untreated or Zn-based EC-treated fluorochemical wastewater. c Concentrations of 107 PFAS in the influent at 1.03 × 103 BV for the PFA694E adsorption bed fed by untreated or Zn-based EC-treated fluorochemical wastewater. d Molar adsorption density profiles of 23 representative PFAS on the PFA694E adsorption bed. Inset in (d) is the enlarged molar adsorption density profiles of PFCA (except PFOA). e Total molar concentrations of 23 representative PFAS and their percentage contribution in fluorochemical wastewater: untreated (outer ring) vs. Zn-based EC treated (inter ring). f, g Finite loading and percentage of different categories of PFAS onto the PFA694E bed fed with untreated (f) or Zn-based EC treated (g) fluorochemical wastewater. The 23 representatives of PFAS included 6 PFCA, 6 H-PFAA, 5 Ether-PFAA, 3 Cl-PFAA, and 3 I-PFAA. All the error bars in this figure represent the standard deviation of the data from duplicate tests.