Fig. 2: Forest plots showing meta-analysis results from five cohorts (UKBB, MVP, ASPREE, MGBB, and FHS) for cluster association with disease outcomes.

Data points represent the mean effect size (odds ratio or beta estimate). Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical tests were two-sided, with a significance threshold set at p = 0.0008, based on a Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons. The dotted vertical line at 1 or 0 represents the null effect (no association). Subgroup results are differentiated by colors, blue (non-T2D), pink (T2D). PIS preserved insulin secretion, EIS elevated insulin secretion, and VAT visceral adipose tissue. D: Diabetogenic; ND: Non-Diabetogenic. Panel A shows associations of fasting insulin clusters with cardiometabolic outcomes; HTN hypertension, CAD coronary artery disease, MI myocardial infarction, ISTR ischemic stroke, CKD chronic kidney disease. Panel B shows associations of fasting insulin genetic clusters with T2D-exclusive outcomes; DR diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, INS insulin use. Panel C shows cluster associations with estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.