Table 1 WRF-Chem model simulations conducted in this study

From: Co-benefit of forestation on ozone air quality and carbon storage in South China

Simulation scenario

land cover

NDVI

LAI in dry deposition

LAI in MEGAN

PFT in MEGAN

Anthropogenic emissions

Description

Base

2019

2019

2019

2019

2019

2017

The present-day condition

Pre-greening

2005

2005

2005

2005

2005

2017

Base – Pre-greening = 

2005-2019 greening effects

Canopy

2005

2005

2019

2019

2019

2017

Base – Canopy = 

2005-2019 “canopy” effecta

Deposition

2019

2019

2005

2019

2019

2017

Base – Deposition = 

2005-2019 “deposition” effectb

Emission

2019

2019

2019

2005

2005

2017

Base – Emission = 

2005-2019 “emission” effectc

LAI2030

2019

2019

2030

2030

2019

2017

LAI-induced greening effects in 2030

SSP126/

SSP370

2019

2019

2019

2019

2019

2030 SSP126/

2030 SSP370

The effects of 2030 anthropogenic emission changes

SSP126LAI2030/

SSP370LAI2030

2019

2019

2030

2030

2019

2030 SSP126/

2030 SSP370

The effects of 2030 greening and anthropogenic emission changes jointly

LAI2050

2019

2019

2050

2050

2019

2017

LAI-induced greening effects in 2050

  1. aThe “canopy” effect of greening is attributable to land cover changes and forest canopy height (dependent on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)).
  2. bThe “deposition” effect of greening is attributable to changes in dry deposition associated with leaf area index (LAI).
  3. cThe “emission” effect of greening is attributable to changes in biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions (calculated in the WRF-Chem MEGAN module) associated with LAI and plant functional type (PFT).