Fig. 3: Realizations of cascading power outages.
From: Quantifying cascading power outages during climate extremes considering renewable energy integration
a Comparison of the percentage of total customers with electricity between the simulated and observed cases for the Puerto Rico power grid during Hurricane Fiona on September 18, 2022. The 1000 simulated cases (blue) are generated from the proposed CRESCENT model with the grid configuration as of September 2022. The observed peak outage representing the degradation of customers with electricity (black) is obtained from the US power outage datasets27 recorded by local power utilities. The right-side subfigure shows the distribution of final system statuses (percentage of customers with electricity) across all simulations. The top subfigure shows the distribution of the times when catastrophic blackouts (100% failure) occurred across all catastrophic blackout cases. b Distribution of the largest failures. The largest failure in each power outage realization is identified by the largest drop in the percentage of customers with electricity between two successive simulation time steps. A darker color in a hexagon indicates a higher density (frequency) of data points within that area. The top and right histograms show the distributions for times and system statuses, respectively, where the largest cascading failures occurred. Black stars in the top and right distributions mark the position of the observed case.
