Fig. 1: Aurora Subglacial Basin model domains and basal input data.

a shows the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 basal velocities (ISMIP6²⁵) with the black rectangle indicating the study region and the pink rectangle outlining the region shown in (c–l). b shows the zoom-in from (a), with domain outlines for each time snapshot shown by the coloured lines. c–g show the bed topography in metres (m). h–l show the basal meltwater production rate in mm a⁻¹, with the 50 ma⁻¹ basal velocity contour shown as a red dashed line. Eocene–Oligocene Boundary (34 million years ago) data are shown in (c, h); Mid-Miocene data in (d, i); present-day data in (e, j); maximum ice loss at 2100 CE in (f, k); data in (g, l) correspond to the maximum ice gain scenario at 2100 CE. Full domain maps of bed and surface elevation are included in the Supplementary Information (Figs. S2–S6). Source data are provided as a Source data file.