Fig. 1: Cell-adaptable dynamic hydrogel network facilitates the developmentally required condensation and metabolic reprogramming of encapsulated cells to enhance the formation of cartilaginous organs and promote in situ tissue regeneration.

The dynamic HA-TP hydrogel induces hMSC condensation formation to mimic the natural chondrogenesis process and promotes the secretion of lactic acid, which drives specific histone lactylation at promoters of chondrogenesis-related genes, thereby promoting the formation of cartilaginous organoids.