Fig. 5: Hemostatic efficacy in vitro.

a Blood-clotting index. The lower the index value, the higher the degree of blood clotting. b Whole blood clotting time. c, d Percentages of adhered RBCs (c) and platelets (d) on various samples. e SEM images depicting adhered RBCs and platelets in the cross sections of XStat® and aerogels. Micrographs are representative of 3 independent samples. f, g Prothrombin time  (PT) (f) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) (g) for tested samples based on their capacity to initiate the activation of extrinsic and intrinsic pathways within the coagulation cascade. h Schematic diagram illustrating the pro-coagulant mechanism of NMA. Created in BioRender. Shahriar, S. (2025) https://BioRender.com/y89s148. Data in (a–d), (f), and (g) were presented as mean ± s.d. (n = 3 samples). The significant difference was detected by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. A separate p-value table for comparison of the percentages of platelets and RBCs adhesion between samples are provided as Supplementary Table 3. The significant differences in Supplementary Table 3 were detected by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. QCG®: QuikClot® combat gauze, NA: nanofiber aerogels, MA: microfiber aerogels, NMA: nano- and microfiber aerogels. Source data are provided as a Source data file.