Fig. 6: Hemostatic efficacy of NMA in a non-survivable swine femoral artery and vein complete dissection hemorrhage model, compared to QCG® and XStat®.

a Schematic depicting the creation of a lethal porcine junctional hemorrhage model and the process of treatment with injectable NMA. Created in BioRender. Shahriar, S. (2025) https://BioRender.com/y89s148. b Application time of NMA compared to QCG® and XStat®. c Kaplan–Meier survival plot. d Cumulative post-treatment blood loss, encompassing the wet hemostats utilized as treatment and the wet surgical gauzes applied for manual compression and covering the wound, in each group. e Percentages of subjects achieving hemostasis during 3-min compression. f Hemostatic time of NMA compared to those of previously reported materials that utilized a lethal swine artery/vein transection model. A summary of experimental conditions for comparison with this work and values from previously reported materials are provided in Supplementary Tables 9 and 10. g Time of continuous bleeding after treatment and manual compression in groups treated with QCG®, XStat®, or NMA. h Incidence of post-treatment rebleeding in the NMA group compared with QCG®, XStat®, and all previously reported materials that utilized a similar type of animal model. Values from previously reported materials and a summary of experimental conditions for comparison with this work are provided in Supplementary Table 11. i, j Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate in subjects treated with various samples recorded over 180 min. Data were presented as mean ± s.d. in (b), (d), (e), (g), (i), and (j). n = 5 swine for all experiments. The significant differences in (b), (d), and (g) were determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. The survival analysis in (c) used log-rank tests to compare survival curves across different groups (n = 5 swine). Statistical significance was assessed using the Fisher exact test (two-tailed) for categorical data comparisons. The significant difference for the table in (d) was determined by an unpaired t-test to compare values of XStat® with control, QCG®, or NMA. CA: carotid arterial catheter, JV: jugular venous catheter, FAV: femoral artery and veins, QCG®: QuikClot® combat gauze, NMA: nano- and microfiber aerogels, Ref: Reference, IH: immediate hemostasis. Source data are provided as a Source data file.