Fig. 5: The inhibition of biofilm formation by FcP₁₅ and FcP₁₅@β-CD.

A Crystal violet staining analysis showing the effect of FcP₁₅ and FcP₁₅@β-CD on Xoo biofilm formation (ranging from 0.5 × EC₅₀ to 8.0 × EC₅₀) over 48 h. B The absorbance at 570 nm and 595 nm was measured to evaluate the remaining biofilm and the level of bacterial proliferation. C The biofilm inhibition rates were derived from the OD₅₇₀ nm values after treatment with FcP₁₅ and FcP₁₅@β-CD. D Xoo forms biofilm colonies after treatment with different concentrations of FcP₁₅ and FcP₁₅@β-CD on NA solid medium. E Enumeration of Xoo colonies from the agar plates after treatment. For (B, C, E), error bars represent means ± standard error (SE), and statistically significant differences between the means were determined using Student’s t test, with significance levels indicated as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001; n.s. denotes no significance. The experiments were conducted with a minimum of three replicates, and the sample size for each data point is specified within the respective figure. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.