Fig. 9: The safety of FcP₁₅ and FcP₁₅@β-CD towards target and non-target organisms.

Visual documentation (A) and assessment of in vivo control activity (B) of FcP₁₅, FcP₁₅@β-CD, and TC against citrus bacterial canker at 200 μg/mL. C SEM images depicting deposition patterns of FcP₁₅ and FcP₁₅@β-CD on the citrus leaves. D Images of acute toxicity test toward zebrafish captured four days after exposure to control, FcP₁₅, and FcP₁₅@β-CD at 15 μg/mL. For (B), error bars indicate the mean ± standard error (SE), with different letters representing statistically significant differences, as determined by one-way ANOVA followed by the least significant difference (LSD) post-hoc test (n = 3, p < 0.05). The experiments were performed with at least three replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.