Fig. 3: CRS leads to a decreased proportion of astrocytes and PTN expression in the dmPFC in mice.

A Schematic of the experimental design (WT mice). B Analyses of behavioral tests, including the OFT, EPM, FST, TST, and SPT (n = 10 mice per group). C–E Quantification of S100β (C), SOX9 (D), and GFAP (E) expression by WB analyses (n = 6 mice per group). F–H IHC showing reduced S100β + (F), SOX9+ (G), and GFAP+ (H) cells in the CRS mice (n = 6 replicates). I, J RT‒PCR and WB analyses showing that PTN mRNA (I) and PTN protein expression (J) were reduced in CRS mice (n = 6 mice per group). K IHC showing reduced PTN+ cells in the dmPFC of CRS mice (n = 6 replicates). L Representative images of PTN+ (red) and S100β + (green) co-stained cells (upper panel), PTN+ (green) and SOX9+ (red) co-stained cells (middle panel), PTN+ (green) and GFAP+ (red) co-stained cells (lower panel) (n = 6 replicates). M WB analysis showing reduced PTN within isolated astrocytes in the CRS mice (n = 6 mice per group). N–P Traces of mEPSCs in CaMKIIα+ neurons from the indicated groups (N), and quantification of the amplitude (O) and frequency (P) between groups (n = 30 cells from 10 mice per group). Q Traces of action potentials in CaMKIIα+ neurons and the corresponding statistical analysis (n = 30 cells from 10 mice per group). R Quantification of PSD95 expression (n = 6 mice per group). S Traces of dendritic spines in CaMKIIα+ neurons and quantification of the density (n = 30 cells from 10 mice per group). Diagrams of mouse CRS model and mouse brain in (A) were created in BioRender. chi, d. (2025) https://BioRender.com/x64m191. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. See Supplementary Data 5 for statistical details, including the statistical test used for data analysis and the exact P value. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.