Fig. 2: Morphological and structural characterizations of O-Cu NPs.

Scheme illustration shows the reduction treatment of Cu-based oxides under a strong reduction conditions and b weak reduction condition. c XRD pattern, d TEM image, and e HRTEM image of O-Cu NPs. f Normalized in situ Cu K-edge XANES spectra of O-Cu NPs and Cu NPs in 1 M KOH at different potentials. FT-EXAFS spectra of g Cu NPs and h O-Cu NPs in 1 M KOH with MBY at different potentials. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.