Fig. 7: Photoluminescence properties of ternary OLPL systems.

a Chemical structures of electron trap dopants. b HOMO and LUMO levels, and OG of materials in ternary OLPL systems. c Spectra of PL and LPL luminescence of reference binary system (1 mol% DAAPC-doped 2,8-PPT), and m-BTB or PPTDO doped ternary systems (1 mol% of traps, 1 mol% of D in 98 mol% of A). All intensities are normalized to the maximum value (max.) of each dataset. d LPL decay profiles of ternary OLPL systems with luminance as the vertical coordinate based on the measurement condition from ISO 17398. Class A, B, C, and D are luminescence classes of afterglow performance under the Xenon light excitation (1000 lx, 5 min) from ISO 17398.