Fig. 2: Synthesis and characterization of TiOx@C.

a Schematics for the synthesis of TiOx@C nanocomposite. b TEM images of TiOx@C nanocomposites scale bar, 50 nm. c HRTEM image of TiOx@C, scale bar, 2 nm. The white arrows indicate the lattice distortion. n = 3 samples with similar results. XRD pattern (d) and Raman spectra (e) of Ti3C2 and TiOx@C. (f–i) EPR spectra (f) and Ti 2p (g), O1s (h), C 1s (i) XPS profiles of TiOx@C.