Fig. 4: Multiscale toughening mechanisms of HAA-SPVA hydrogel.
From: Robust super-structured porous hydrogel enables bioadaptive repair of dynamic soft tissue
a Formation of hydrogen bonds between PVA chains induced by amino acid. b Comparison of the thickness of SPVA rehydrated with water or AA-SPVA rehydrated with amino acid solution. Observation was repeated three times independently, yielding similar results. c Tensile stress-strain curves of AA-SPVA hydrogel in the directions parallel (||) and perpendicular (⊥) to the alignment as well as AA-IPVA hydrogel. d–f SAXS patterns (d), SAXS profiles (e), and WAXS profiles (f) of IPVA, SPVA, AA-SPVA, and HAA-SPVA hydrogels. g The distance between crystalline domains (L) and the size of crystalline domain (D) of IPVA, SPVA, AA-SPVA, and HAA-SPVA hydrogels. h ATR-FTIR spectra of IPVA, SPVA, AA-SPVA, and HAA-SPVA hydrogels.
