Fig. 5: Biocompatibility and asymmetric bioadhesive behaviors of HAA-SPVA hydrogel.

a, b Fluorescence images (a) and CCK-8 assay (b) of L929 fibroblasts cultured for 1, 2, and 3 days in the control and HAA-SPVA hydrogel groups (n = 3 independent samples; Student’s t test; two-tailed P = 0.497, 0.327, and 0.165 for 1, 2, and 3 days, respectively; error bars = standard deviation (SD); data are presented as mean ± SD). c Images of HE staining and immunohistochemical staining of CD68 and IL-6 in the control and HAA-SPVA hydrogel groups after subcutaneous implantation in rats for 14 days. d Quantitative analysis of CD68 and IL-6 (n = 3 independent samples; Student’s t test; two-tailed P = 0.829 and 0.934 for CD68 and IL-6, respectively; error bars = SD; data are presented as mean ± SD). e, f Fluorescence images (e) and quantitative analysis (f) of L929 fibroblasts incubated on the asymmetric porous surfaces of HAA-SPVA hydrogel and PCO mesh (n = 3 independent samples; ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons; *** adjusted P < 0.001; error bars = SD; data are presented as mean ± SD).