Fig. 6: Asymmetric bioadhesion and biomechanical support of HAA-SPVA hydrogel in vivo.

a Efficacy of HAA-SPVA hydrogel in repairing diaphragm defect in vivo (the rabbit cartoon was created with Biorender.com). b The visceral adhesion formation with different treatments (PCO mesh, rHAA-SPVA, and HAA-SPVA hydrogels) on the 14th day after surgery in rabbit diaphragm defect models. c Quantitative scoring analysis of clinical visceral adhesion for diaphragm defects with different treatments on the 14th day after surgery (n = 4 independent samples; ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons; ** adjusted P = 0.005, *** adjusted P < 0.001; error bars = SD; data are presented as mean ± SD). d Images of HE staining, Masson staining, and immunohistochemical staining of CD31 (a vascular endothelial marker). Arrows: microvessels. e Quantitative analysis of collagen density (n = 3 independent samples; ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons; ** adjusted P = 0.002, *** adjusted P < 0.001; error bars = SD; data are presented as mean ± SD). f Quantitative analysis of CD31 (n = 3 independent samples; ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons; * adjusted P = 0.013, ** adjusted P = 0.004; error bars = SD; data are presented as mean ± SD).