Fig. 2: Nanotechnology-enabled plasma proteomics in the GL261 mouse model of GB.

a Schematic overview of the in vivo plasma proteomics workflow. Following the intracranial injection of GL261 glioma cells (for GB-bearing mice) or saline (for control mice), C57BL/6 J female mice were intravenously administrated liposome NPs at days 7, 14, and 18 post-tumour implantations. Blood-circulating NPs were subsequently recovered, and corona-coated NPs were purified prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. Created in BioRender. Hadjidemetriou, M. (2025) https://BioRender.com/g08d103. b The total amount of protein adsorbed onto the surface of liposome NPs was quantified and expressed as protein binding value (μg of protein/μmol lipid). Error bars indicate mean ± SEM of n = 3 biological replicates (plasma pooled from n = 5 mice for each biological replicate; * p-value = 0.0414 between D7 GBM and D14 GBM; ** p-value = 0.009 between D7 GBM and D18 GBM; One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test between three-time points within the GB group; ** p-value = 0.0028 by Sidak’s multiple comparisons between the control and GB groups at D18 time point. c The Venn diagram illustrates the number of common and unique differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) identified at D7, D14, and D18 time points (proteins with a p-value < 0.05). Statistical comparisons of relative protein expressions between corona proteomes from tumour-bearing mice and control mice were conducted using Progenesis QI for proteomics software (v. 3.0; Nonlinear Dynamics). d Bar graph reports the number and percentage of upregulated and downregulated DAPs identified through the analysis of the protein coronas formed in GB and healthy control mice (n = 3 biological replicates; pooled plasma from n = 5 mice per biological replicate). e Volcano plots display the relationship between fold change (shown in x-axis) and statistical significance (shown in y-axis) of the DAPs (with one-way ANOVA p-value < 0.05) at D7, D14 and D18 time points. The comprehensive lists of DAPs are provided in Supplementary Data 1−3. Source data for Fig. 2b are provided as a Source Data file.