Fig. 1: Depletion of the microbiota enhances anti-tumor effects of VSVΔ51.
a Schematic of the experimental design. Antibiotics (ABX) or water were intragastric (i.g.) injected 3 times and subsequently added into drinking water per os (p.o.) after tumor cells injection; VSVΔ51 were intravenously administrated (1 × 107 PFUs, i.v.) 3 times after ABX treatment. Tumor weight was calculated. Created in BioRender. Yang, X. (2025) https://BioRender.com/d33a515. b H22 and Hepa1-6 were subcutaneously injected into mice and tumor growth was measured (n = 5/group). c Tumor mass were shown (n = 5/group). d H22 was orthotopically injected into the liver of mice. Representative images of tumor (n = 3/group). Kaplan-Meier survival curves were shown (n = 5/group). e H22 tumor growth curves in GF or SPF mice (n = 5-6/group). f The relative tumor proliferation rate (T/C%) and tumor mass were shown (n = 5/group). g Schematic diagram showing administration strategies of FMT. Created in BioRender. Yang, X. (2025) https://BioRender.com/k99v786. h Representative images of tumor were shown. Dashed yellow lines represent tumor areas and the areas were calculated. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were shown (n = 5/group). i Immunohistochemistry analysis for the VSV-G in tumor samples (Scale bar, 200 μm). Every spot presents a mean counting number from three fields (n = 5/group). j Biodistribution of VSVΔ51 in tumor and normal tissues 3 days post infection (n = 3/group). k, l Comparison of dendritic cells (F4/80- MHCII+ CD11c+), CD8+ T cells (CD8+), Granzyme B+ cells, IFN-γ+ cells and TNF-α+ cells among CD8+ T cells, mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of PD-1+, TIGIT+ and TIM-3+ cells among CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells (CD25+ FOXP3+) among CD4+ T cells in the TME were presented (n = 5/group). b–l Unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test. c, f One-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test were used. d, h Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and statistical differences between curves were analyzed using the log-rank test. Results are presented as mean ± S.D. Each spot represents one subject. ns, not significant. Source data are provided in the Source Data file. See also Supplementary Fig. 1.
