Fig. 2: VSVΔ51 treatment modulates gut homeostasis, changing gut transit time, metabolome, and microbiota composition.

a Schematic of the experimental design. Created in BioRender. Yang, X. (2025) https://BioRender.com/r48z536. b Fecal output and water content in feces were shown (n = 4/group). c Small intestine transit (%) and whole gut transit time were shown (n = 4/group). d Score plot presenting the metabolic separation for pair splitting between groups through oPLS-DA (n = 4/group). e Volcano plot showing the differential metabolites in the comparison of VSVΔ51 to control. f Overview of the top 20 terms in the metabolic enrichment analysis of the differential metabolites. g Unsupervised PCoA clustering analysis of the feces bacteria using unifrac distance. MRPP test P-value is 0.0001. h Alpha-diversity Chao1 index of 16S sequencing data (n = 9 for ABX; n = 10 for other groups). Data are presented as box plots (center line at the median, upper and lower bounds are 75th and 25th percentile with whisker at 1.5 IQR). i Stacked bar plot showing the bacteria relative abundance at the phylum and genus level in various samples (n = 9 for ABX; n = 10 for other groups). j, k Proportional Chord Diagram showing the top-ranked significantly changed bacteria in two repeated experiments. l, m LEfSe analysis showed differences in bacterial profiles among the two groups (n = 9–10/group) in two repeated experiments. b, c Unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test. e, f One-tailed Student’s t-test. h One-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test were used. Results are presented as mean ± S.D. Each spot represents one subject. Source data are provided in the Source Data file.