Fig. 6: L. acidophilus supplementation enhances antitumor immune response of VSVΔ51 via changing the landscape of microbiota.

a Orthotopic mice models were established (H22 cell line). Representative images of tumor from each group were shown (n = 2/group). b Dashed yellow lines represent tumor areas and the areas were calculated (n = 4). c Kaplan-Meier survival curves were shown (n = 5/group). d Orthotopic mice models were established (spontaneous HCC by HDTI). Representative images of tumor from each group were shown (n = 2/group). e Dashed yellow arrow represent tumor areas and the areas were calculated (n = 4/group). f Kaplan-Meier survival curves were shown (n = 5/group). g At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed, and immune cells from TME were analyzed by flow cytometry. Statistical data for the proportion of CD8⁺ T cells among CD3⁺ T cells, CD4⁺ T cells (CD3⁺ CD4⁺), Granzyme B⁺ cells (CD3⁺ CD8⁺ GZMB⁺), IFN-γ⁺ (CD3⁺ CD8⁺ IFN-γ⁺), TNF-α⁺ (CD3⁺ CD8⁺ TNF-α⁺) were shown (n = 5/group). h Unsupervised PCoA clustering analysis of the HDTI mice (without ABX treatment) feces bacteria using unifrac distance. MRPP test p-value is 0.0001(n = 9/group). i Alpha Diversity analysis was shown. Data are presented as box plots (center line at the median, upper and lower bounds are 75th and 25th percentile with whisker at 1.5 IQR). j Heatmap showing differentially abundant bacterial species in mice. b–i One-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test. c, f Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and statistical differences between curves were analyzed using the log-rank test. Results are presented as mean ± S.D. Each spot represents one subject. Source data are provided in the Source Data file. See also Supplementary Figs. 4 and 5.