Fig. 1: Mechanistic analysis of torularhodin’s effects on NAFLD.

Torularhodin increases Akkermansia muciniphila and promotes adenosylcobalamin synthesis. Adenosylcobalamin inhibits HIF-2α, leading to the decreased Cer level in the colon and liver, subsequently improving NAFLD. Figure created in BioRender. Liu, C. (2025) https://BioRender.com/w60s979.