Fig. 4: Both gut microbiota remodeling by torularhodin and A. muciniphila alleviate NAFLD in mice.

A Flowchart of FMT experiment of pseudo-germ-free mice. B LEfSe analysis and heatmap of bacterial genus in pseudo-germ-free mice (n  =  8). C Flowchart of FMT experiment of germ-free (GF) mice. D H&E sections of germ-free mice liver (200×) (n  =  3). E Weight gain at 20th week in germ-free mice (n  =  6). F Level of A. muciniphila in recipient mice colon bacteria in germ-free mice (n  =  6). G Levels of TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and AST in germ-free mice serum (n  =  6). H, I Level of adenosylcobalamin in germ-free mice serum and feces (n  =  6). J Flowchart of pseudo-germ free mice with EMs-T intervention (n  =  8). K Flowchart of the A. muciniphila transplantation experiment. L Trend of body weight in in mice (n  =  8). M Levels of TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, AST and ALT in mice serum (n  =  8). N H&E and Oil Red O sections of mice liver (200×) (n  =  3). O Level of A. muciniphila in mice colon bacteria (n  =  8). P, Q Level of adenosylcobalamin in mice serum and feces (n  =  8). Data are expressed as mean ± SD, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p  <  0.001, compared with the Mod or FMT Mod or GF Mod group, and p-value was calculated using Dunnet’s post hoc test in one-way ANOVA. p < 0.01 and FDR < 0.05 in LEfSe analysis. The abbreviations are fecal-microbial transplantation (FMT), antibiotics (Abx), and germ-free (GF). For box plots, the midline represents the median, the box spans the interquartile range between the first and third quartiles, and the whiskers extend to the lowest and highest values within 1.5 times the interquartile range from the first and third quartiles. A, C, J, and K are created in BioRender. Liu, C. (2025) https://BioRender.com/a58c024. The small icons in (H, I, P, Q) are created in BioRender. Liu, C. (2025) https://BioRender.com/k07f052.