Fig. 1: Manhattan plots.

The Manhattan plots for the identified SNPs associated with the three IR surrogate markers, including a the TyG index, b TG:HDL-C ratio, and c log(TG:HDL-C) ratio. IR insulin resistance, TG:HDLC the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, TyG the product of fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides (Ln[fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]). This GWAS analysis utilized BOLT-LMM’s mixed linear models with a two-sided chi-square test. The conventional genome-wide significance threshold of P < 5 × 10−8 was applied. Source data is provided as a Source Data file.