Fig. 4: Principal co-ordinate analysis (PCoA) between the positive and negative vaccine take group and stool shedding group in the neonatal vaccine schedule group in RV3-BB Malawi and Indonesia study cohorts.

PCoA based on the Bray-Curtis distance matrix performed in the Malawi study neonatal vaccine schedule group at week 6 showed a distinct bacterial cluster between participants with positive and negative vaccine take (a) and positive or negative stool shedding (b) following administration of vaccine at dose 2 and at dose 4 (following three doses of vaccine and one dose of placebo [Fig. 1]). c In the Indonesia neonatal vaccine schedule group, the most pronounced bacterial clusters were observed for stool shedding at dose 3 and, to a lesser extent, at dose 4. The PCoA was performed using the Palaeontological Statistic software package for training and data analysis (v PAST 4.04) with 9999 permutations on Total Sum Scaling (TSS)-transformed data. The confidence ellipse was plotted at 50%. The FDR corrected significant P-value from the one-sided beta-diversity Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance test has been added to each PCoA plot. Since the test only evaluates whether the observed pseudo-F is greater than expected under the null, it is inherently one-sided. Adonis PERMANOVA test, commonly implemented in R’s vegan package, is a one-sided test by default.