Fig. 1: Behavioral-state-dependent modulation of cortico-thalamo-cortical responses evoked by the electrical and magnetic stimulation of MOs in premotor cortex in humans and mice.

A Left to right: Schematic of the TMS-setup targeting premotor area. TMS-evoked responses for all contacts of one representative subject. Grand-average (12 subjects) during rest and active state. Rectified amplitude average of the late component (150–250 ms; shaded gray) for each subject (two-tailed Wilcoxon signed rank test: p = 0.002; same subjects are connected by lines). All boxplots show median (line), 25–75 percentile (box), maximum/minimum or 1.5 interquartile range from the 25–75 percentile (whiskers). B Left to right: 3D reconstruction from one representative subject of the stimulated cortical area (lightning symbol); recording contacts within the region of interest (ROI) responding (orange dots) and non-responding (yellow dots) to the stimulation; contacts outside the ROI (green dots). ES-evoked responses from one representative subject. Evoked iEEG rectified amplitude during rest and active state from 105 contacts (5 subjects). iEEG rectified amplitude average over the late response window (150–250 ms, shaded gray) during rest and active state for all responding ROI across subjects (Linear Mixed Effect Model: p = 0.015). C Left to right: Representation of the area recorded by an EEG electrode (gray) and the stimulated site in mice (current intensity: 66.15 ± 12.11 uA). EPs for all 30 EEG electrode traces averaged across subjects. EEG rectified amplitude evoked during rest and active state, calculated over all EEG contacts for all subjects (26 sessions, 15 subjects). Averaged EEG rectified amplitude over the late response window (150–250 ms, shaded gray) at rest and active state for all EEG electrodes across subjects (two-tailed Wilcoxon signed rank test p = 0.000579). D Modulation of murine LFP responses in MOs. Plots are structured in the same fashion as in (C). Voltages displayed in a color map as function of depth from superficial to deep layers in the y-axis (n = 13 subjects. two-tailed Wilcoxon signed rank test; p = 0.000976). E Modulation of the murine CSD in MOs. Same structure as (D) (n = 13 subjects. two-tailed Wilcoxon signed rank test; p = 0.001). Created in BioRender. Russo, S. (2025) https://BioRender.com/r30z199. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.